TNF and neoplasm: Hagemann et al. reported that co-culture of macrophages and tumor cells caused TNF-α-dependent activation of both JNKII and p65 NB-κB, which induced expression of extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in malignant cells, which further increased MMP secretion of macrophages [88].