CASP3 and cancer: Further to this, a seminal study by Huang et al. [39] illustrated, in vitro and in vivo, that the phoenix rising pathway is applicable to cancer biology, whereby apoptotic tumour cells can stimulate the repopulation of tumours from a small number of surviving cells, and that this process is caspase-3-dependent and involves upregulation of arachidonic acid and subsequent PGE2 production (Figure 2).