The ramifications of this in the context of AD are unclear, as are the potential contributions of AD-related NF-κB dysfunction to the observed depression of neuropeptide Y. Animal studies, however, document neuroprotective effects of neuropeptide Y against several insults, including Aβ toxicity (Croce et al., 2012, 2013; Angelucci et al., 2014), in some cases, through modulation of a downstream target of NF-κB, BDNF (Croce et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and Alzheimer disease.