Importantly, in addition to the evidence placing IL-10 as a regulator of the immune crosstalk in the CNS, several studies directly implicate defective IL-10 production or signalling in patients and animal models of neurological diseases, ranging from neuropathic pain [48] to multiple sclerosis [49, 50], Alzheimer’s disease [51] or Parkinson’s disease [52]. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.