Serum TNF-α and IL-12 levels has been reported to be increased in tumor-bearing mice treated with astragalus polysaccharides (APS)-induced mature dendritic cell (DC) vaccine therapy, suggesting that the anti-tumor effects of this therapy could stimulates the immune cells of tumor-bearing mice to produce anti-tumor cytokines TNF-α and IL-12 [43]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.