The first reported brain atrophy study with intramuscular (IM) interferon (IFN)-β-1a demonstrated lower rate of BVL than placebo in the second year of treatment of RRMS patients (−0.23% IFN-β-1a compared to −0.51% in the placebo group; p = 0.03) [33]. Here, PPIB is linked to Brain atrophy.