Newer induction immunosuppressive agent combinations [T-cell-depleting antibody (anti-CD3 antibody, alemtuzumab, or antithymocyte globulin) and a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor (etanercept or infliximab)] have improved long-term diabetes reversal rates (~50% in 5 years at the most experienced centers) [9], presumably by preserving transplanted β-cell mass. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.