LSC resides within the CD34+CD38− cell fraction is responsible for leukemia initiation and relapse because of its self-renewal and repopulating capacity.90,91 Since LSC is more resistant to chemotherapy than the more mature CD34+CD38+ progeny, its persistence after chemotherapy may explain treatment failure in MPFC MRD negative AML patients. This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and acute myeloid leukemia.