IL17A and lung carcinoma: In addition, Chen et al. [38] confirmed that IL-17 contributed to the metastasis of NSCLC via the promotion of lymphangiogenesis; this was achieved through the promotion of VEGF-C (an important cytokine for lymphangiogenesis) secretion by the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell line (mouse) and A549 cells (human) via the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) pathway and through chemotactic effects on lymphatic epithelial cells.