In contrast, a number of studies describe a massive and overshooting inflammatory cell influx due to the hyper-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type I Interferons (IFN-I), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) during secondary bacterial infection. Here, TNF is linked to bacterial infectious disease.