The effects of the high penetrance African pathogenic alleles of APOL1 (rs60910145, rs73885319, rs71785313) are restricted to non-diabetic nephropathies, that is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hypertensive end-stage renal disease, IgA nephropathy, HIV-related and lupus nephritis, but the high frequency of these alleles in Africa (37%) is strongly suspected to be due to Darwinian selection on trypanosomiasis susceptibility [59], a mechanism that will not act in this Australian population. The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.