TSC1 and Cowden disease: Several tumor-suppressor genes are linked to hamartoma syndromes through the convergent energy/nutrient-sensing pathways involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, especially mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) [5–7]: TSC1 and TSC2 being responsible for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) [8], LKB1 for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome [9], and PTEN for Cowden syndrome [10].