INS and Insulin resistance: After adjustment for confounders and other lifestyle factors, short sleep duration remained significantly associated with increased fasting insulin levels (difference in means = 2.1; 95% CI, 0.3 to 4.0 mU/L) and higher odds of insulin resistance (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.8) and non-significantly associated with HOMA-IR (difference in means = 0.40; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.82) compared to women who reported 6 or more hours of sleep.