CALCA and infection: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans that project through fenestrations in the endothelial layer in the liver can ‘catch' sporozoites in the sinusoids, leading to direct infection of hepatocytes.19 Alternatively, parasites can use a gateway through KC to gain access to the parenchyma.20 The apical portion of the sporozoite can position itself against the KC and traverse it.21 Although sporozoites can be observed within vacuoles in the KC, they do not colocalise with lysosomal markers22 indicating that the sporozoites are not degraded.