To confirm the involvement of autophagic cell death in acquired resistance to chemotherapy under AF treatment, we inhibited autophagy using siRNA-mediated ATG5 knockdown in NCI-N87 and SNU-620 cells resulted in increased cell mortality statistically after AF treatment (Figure 7A) and verified by western blot analysis of ATG5, LC3B, p53, and KLK6 (Figure 7B). The gene discussed is ATG5; the disease is atrial fibrillation.