Studies using glioblastoma cells also showed that MDA-9 increased the activation of c-Src, p38 MAPK and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) [15]. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is glioblastoma.