We next investigated if RER as a potent TGF-β ligand trap could attenuate these activities of TGF-β in prostate cancer cells and compared its potency with other types of TGF-β inhibitors that have been used in preclinical models including a TβRI kinase inhibitor (HTS) and the 1D11 pan TGF-β neutralizing antibody (NeuAb). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and prostate carcinoma.