LCN2 and ovarian carcinoma: Howbeit Hanai et al [39] and Lim et al [17] have successively proposed that NGAL expression is up-regulated in the epithelial cells which are thought to be the source of most breast or ovarian carcinomas, however, NGAL seems to be associated with the epithelial phenotype of malignancy, gradually losing as epithelial cancers progress and become undifferentiated.