HP and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Our data were consistent with previous studies that have shown that reduced clearance of free hemoglobin in carriers of the haptoglobin Hp2-2 allotype is associated with more oxidative stress and inflammation (Asleh et al., 2005, Kristiansen et al., 2001) and is associated with a higher risk of CHD events in type 1 diabetes (Ijäs et al., 2013, Levy et al., 2002).