ACE and Nephropathy: Ever users were characterized by younger age, less males, higher proportions of dyslipidemia, obesity, eye disease, and tobacco abuse, lower proportions of hypertension, nephropathy, stroke, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol-related diagnoses, HP infection, HBV infection and HCV infection, higher proportions of use of rosiglitazone, statin, fibrate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), but lower proportions of using other antidiabetic medications, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) and aspirin.