For instance, tumor-derived granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been identified as a major factor for the differentiation of gMDSCs, and tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to play a key role in mMDSC production26, 27, 28, 29. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.