In order to reveal the underlying mechanism, researchers have studied the correlation between H. pylori infection, inflammation, and arrhythmia, and they have found that tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, which are markers reflecting the degree of inflammation, were closely related to the type and the duration of atrial fibrillation [25,26]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.