TNF and influenza: Additional examples include the use of GLA-SE (a TLR4 agonist) leading to increased production of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-12, as well as a Th1 shift in response to influenza challenge (92); or the use of Ov-ASP-1 (a helminth-derived protein adjuvant that stimulates both Th1 and Th2 responses with resulting increases in influenza-specific antibody titer in both young and old mice) (93).