Whereas most aforementioned cytokine and chemokine genes (Cxcl1, Ccxl2, Cxcl5, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Tnf, Fasl, Ifng, Il1a, Il1b, Ilrn, Il1r2, Il6, Il10, Il13ra1, and in addition Il17 and Il17ra) were even further upregulated following anti-TNFα antibody treatment, some genes (e.g. Il12b) were actually downregulated compared to isotype controls (Fig. 2D,F; Supplementary Fig. S4A), reflecting the dysregulated host response associated with uncontrolled infection induced by TNFα blockade (Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and infection.