CXCL1 and infection: Whereas most aforementioned cytokine and chemokine genes (Cxcl1, Ccxl2, Cxcl5, Cxcl10, Ccl2, Tnf, Fasl, Ifng, Il1a, Il1b, Ilrn, Il1r2, Il6, Il10, Il13ra1, and in addition Il17 and Il17ra) were even further upregulated following anti-TNFα antibody treatment, some genes (e.g. Il12b) were actually downregulated compared to isotype controls (Fig. 2D,F; Supplementary Fig. S4A), reflecting the dysregulated host response associated with uncontrolled infection induced by TNFα blockade (Fig. 1).