GSK3B and malignant glioma: GSK3β regulates glioblastoma cell invasion, apoptosis and stem cell stemness [37, 38]; LIS1 and NDEL1 play a role in glioma migration and proliferation analogous to their role during brain development [39];14-3-3 regulates glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis [40, 41]; MAP1A is strongly expressed in high grade glioma and may play an important role in cell proliferation [42]; Girdin is reported to be involved in glioblastoma cell migration, adhesion, invasion and stem cell stemness [43–45]; PDE4 inhibitors have been reported to suppress glioblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo [46].