He et al.17 showed that while helper T-cell type 2-associated cytokines are activated by both original and heat-treated AD particles at 360 °C for 30 min, mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NALP3) are increased by original AD particles, suggesting that microbial materials participate in several inflammation-related mechanisms. Here, TLR2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.