A potential role of NNAb in TIV/Cal08 mice for ADE was also suspected, as intracellular NP signals in CD11chi DCs (Figs 3B and 7D) and simultaneous activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells (Fig. 3C,D), could represent an enhanced intracellular infection following NNAbs-mediated internalization, as described for dengue or HIV infections72. Here, CD8A is linked to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.