Despite reduced virus titers, several inflammatory mediators including MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and NP-specific CD8 T cells, granB+ CD8 T cells and CD11chi cells were elevated in TIV/Cal08 compared to PBS/Cal08 mice at the two higher infection doses (Fig. 6B-D, Supplemental Fig. 4B,C), while Mip-1β was consistently higher in TIV/Cal08 mice regardless of infection doses (Supplemental Fig. 4D). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.