HMGB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: HMGB-1 signaling pathway components including receptors for HMGB-1 and NF-κB were significantly upregulated in type 2 diabetic retinas and in high-glucose-treated retinal cells (acute retinal pigment epithelitis-19 cells (ARPE-19 cells) and RGC-5 cells) [29, 60].