TNF and lupus nephritis: Proinflammatory chemokines (MCP-1) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), and Th17 cytokines (IL-17A) are involved in pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, and are therapeutic targets for lupus nephritis [23, 24].