INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Many prevention trials have focused on using preparations of insulin (subcutaneous, nasal and oral) in people at risk to delay T1D onset.[16, 17] Notably, a post-hoc analysis from the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 oral insulin trial found that treatment responders, defined by high titer insulin autoantibodies prior to treatment, had delayed progression to T1D.[18] A subsequent trial is underway to replicate these findings.