RAF1 and melanoma: Although MCL-1 overexpression alone was insufficient to transform primary melanocytes, we found that the overexpression of MCL-1 even at levels 8-fold higher than melanocytes (compared to the ~20-fold higher levels observed in melanoma cell lines) can transform BRAFV600E-expressing primary melanocytes, and collaborate with CRAF and PI3K activation to induce anchorage-independent growth in primary melanocytes.