It is increased in pyramidal neurons in AD,38 AD transgenic mouse models,39 elevated in human AD CSF40, 41 as well as CSF of familial AD mutation carrying individuals.42 Khan et al.43 identified osteopontin as one of the top three proteins differentiating AD and control CSF using a multivariate support vector machine algorithm on data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and Alzheimer disease.