For instance, IL-6 expression activates signalling through Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Stat3 [158,159], EGF increases the concentration of pre-oncogenic phosphorylated Akt [143], whereas CXCL12 and CCL5 stimulate tumour growth through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway [144]. Here, CCL5 is linked to neoplasm.