INS and diabetes mellitus: Other studies that have investigated this topic in LMICs (low- and middle-income countries)27, 28, 29, 30, 31 have been conducted in cohorts that were younger and considerably smaller in sample size than ours, which may explain why none of these studies examined effect modification by sex on the association between low birth weight and diabetes, and only one of these studies27 evaluated and found evidence of effect modification by sex on the association between low birth weight and an early marker of impaired glucose homeostasis (i.e., elevated fasting insulin).