Paracrine effects of TGF-beta include the stimulation of angiogenesis, escape from immuno-surveillance and recruitment of myofibroblasts, while the autocrine effects of TGF-beta in cancer cells with a functional TGF-beta receptor complex may be caused by a convergence between TGF-beta signaling and beta-catenin or activating Ras mutations.40 Here, CTNNB1 is linked to cancer.