INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the presence of antibodies to a 65 kD glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen (GAD65), antibodies against protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2), insulin antibodies (IAAs), islet cell antibodies (ICAs) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) in blood that identify the autoimmune process leading to beta-cell destruction [8].