Although overall analysis failed to show any significance between TGFB1 gene C-509T polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma, our subgroup analysis demonstrated that carriers of the -509TT genotype or the -509T allele vis-à-vis the -509CC genotype who had higher concentrations of circulating TGF-β1 were at a significantly increased risk in studies with population-based controls. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.