High interferon levels had been shown to be associated with elevated level of anti-dsDNA and anti-ENA autoantibodies in SLE patients [62], however Niewold et al, 2005 reported increased levels of anti-SSA autoantibodies and ANA whereas no change in the anti-dsDNA titre was seen after IFN-α treatment in hepatitis C patient, who developed de novo SLE [63]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to hepatitis A virus infection.