TNF-α directly affects joint degeneration and destruction in arthritis (Saklatvala, 1986), and induces a cascade of other pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins such as interleukins, prostaglandins, and angiotensin II in peripheral organs (Brennan & Feldmann, 1992; Feldmann & Maini, 2008). Here, TNF is linked to arthritic joint disease.