MAPK3 and cardiac hypertrophy: The excessive accumulation of ROS subsequently transmits signals to downstream ROS-sensitive signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2 (Li et al., 2002; Dai et al., 2011b), p38 MAPK (Li et al., 2002; Dai et al., 2011a), and JNK (Li et al., 2002; Kimura et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2007a), NF-κB (Hirotani et al., 2002), PI3K/Akt (Sundaresan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2013), and autophagy related signaling (Dai et al., 2011b), to induce pathological cardiac hypertrophy.