Overexpression of Dkk-3 can induce apoptosis via c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in prostate cancer [8] and non-small cell lung cancer [9], via the mitochondrial pathway in colorectal cancer [10] and mucinous ovarian cancer [11], by obstructing β2-microglobulin-mediated VGFR-2/Akt/mTOR signaling in ovarian cancer [12] or enhancing the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer [13]. This evidence concerns the gene DKK3 and neoplasm.