It has been also reported that autophagy-deficient renal tubular cells in Atg6-deficient mice accumulated deformed mitochondria and cytoplasmic inclusions, leading to cellular hypertrophy28 and that, in obesity-induced renal damages, autophagy insufficiency in PT cells exacerbates proteinuria-induced tubulointerstitial lesions29, 30. The gene discussed is BECN1; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.