For example, in melanoma, BRAF kinase-activating mutations can turn BRAF into an oncogene, and the presence of such mutations has led to specific therapy.23 Similar analyses of non-small cell lung cancer has found that mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase, oncogenic RAS mutations, and other driver mutations, such as BRAF, can be treated with therapy targeted at these abnormalities.24 This evidence concerns the gene ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma.