GFAP and Behcet disease: They did however, report significantly increased mRNA and protein levels for IL-1 and IL-1R, as well as of astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) and microglial (CD11b) markers in the same tissues.108 Using microarrays, a more high-throughput approach, some investigators have reported a widespread upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the dorsolateral PFC of MDD patients,109 whereas others have been unable to implicate cerebral inflammation in any of brain regions examined in individuals with BD.110