They did however, report significantly increased mRNA and protein levels for IL-1 and IL-1R, as well as of astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) and microglial (CD11b) markers in the same tissues.108 Using microarrays, a more high-throughput approach, some investigators have reported a widespread upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the dorsolateral PFC of MDD patients,109 whereas others have been unable to implicate cerebral inflammation in any of brain regions examined in individuals with BD.110. This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and inflammation.