Finally, previous studies of subsets of CD4+ T cells in gut biopsies during HIV infection have concentrated on the Th17 subset of CD4+ T cells, since it is believed they are essential to maintenance of the epithelial cell barrier (10), but we did not find any significant selective effect on CD161+CD4+ T cells, which are known to include Th17 cells in gut (33). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.