At the same time, in comparison to the effect on Tfh, we also studied the effect of treated HIV-1 infection on other key subsets of CD4+ T cells, including CCR5+ memory CD4+ T cells, CD127+ long-term memory cells, CD103+ tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells, CD161+ cells, which is a surrogate cell surface maker for Th17 cells in human GALT (33), and CD25+CD127dim Tregs. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and HIV-1 infection.