Furthermore, altered pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), glycosaminoglycan content in gastric mucosa, increased oxidative stress and intestinal permeability are the important hallmark of IBD (Kandhare et al., 2012[35]). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.