VEGFA and cancer: Furthermore, RdB/IL12/shVEGF-treated cancer cells exhibited the lowest VEGF expression among all treatment groups (Figure 1C), indicating that higher IL-12 expression in combination with co-expression of shVEGF can downregulate VEGF expression more effectively than control oncolytic Ads expressing single or no therapeutic genes (RdB, RdB/IL12, or RdB/shVEGF).