In summary, the following alterations of the current genotyping strategy could be considered: (i) separate nPCRs for each allelic family, (ii) obligate genotyping of the two markers msp1 and msp2, or (iii) classification of recurrent parasitemias based on a consensus result of markers msp1 and msp2 first, with disparate msp1 and msp2 results resolved using marker glurp or, as potentially the best option, by rating msp1/msp2 allelic families for defining a new infection. The gene discussed is ATAD1; the disease is parasitic infectious disease.