Inhibition of TGF-β signaling by the specific TGFBR inhibitor significantly suppressed PCa cell dormancy induction in our co-culture conditions (Fig. 5A, B), indicating that TGF-β is one of the key regulators of dormancy in this condition, and suggesting TGFBR2 expression promotes TGF-β-mediated tumor cell growth inhibition. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.