Finally, using FA-D2 patient cells, PTEN-deficient tumor lines, and siRNA targeting FANCD2 and PTEN, we have also established that PTEN and FANCD2 function epistatically during the process of ICL repair, as the combined loss of both proteins conferred no greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic or clastogenic effects of MMC. Here, PTEN is linked to neoplasm.